What are the two main classes of vascular malformations?

The two main classes of vascular malformations are categorized as high flow and low flow based on the dynamics and nature of blood flow within the vessels. High flow malformations are characterized by increased blood flow and typically include conditions such as arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), which connect arteries directly to veins, leading to shunting of high-pressure blood. This can result in significant hemodynamic changes and clinical symptoms, including pulsatile masses, heart failure, or even hemorrhage.

On the other hand, low flow malformations predominantly involve venous or capillary channels with slower blood flow. These include conditions such as venous malformations or lymphatic malformations, which generally have less risk of presenting with high-pressure complications but can still lead to problems such as swelling or pain.

This classification is fundamental for understanding the management and treatment of vascular malformations, as the approach may vary significantly depending on whether the malformation is high flow or low flow. Recognizing the type of vascular malformation helps guide appropriate diagnostic imaging and treatment strategies.